Abstract: There are differences between the operation of low-frequency AC transformers and electronic transformers that supply current to MR16 lamps, and there are also differences in the current draw for MR16 halogen lamps and MR16 LED lamps. These contrasts typically prevent an MR16 LED lamp from operating with most electronic transformers. This article explains how a high-brightness (HB) LED driver optimized for MR16 lamps will allow LED lamps to be compatible with most electronic transformers.
A similar version of this article appeared on Display Plus, July 7, 2012 and in German in Elektronikpraxis, October 1, 2012.
Introduction
This article discusses differences between the operation of low-frequency AC transformers and electronic transformers that supply current to MR16 lamps. It also explains the differences in the current draw for MR16 halogen lamps and MR16 LED lamps. These differences are important because the current draw typically prevents an MR16 LED lamp from operating with most electronic transformers. This article will show how a high-brightness (HB) LED driver optimized for MR16 lamps will allow LED lamps to be compatible with most electronic transformers. However, this article does not delve into the flicker-free operation of the dimmer and electronic transformer combination for LED MR16 lamps.
Importance of Resistive Loads and Electronic Transformers
MR16 halogen lamps normally operate from a low-voltage AC source typically generated by a low-frequency AC transformer or by a high-frequency electronic transformer. In most MR16 applications, the high-voltage AC provided by electric power companies is converted to a low-voltage AC by a high-frequency electronic transformer or by a low-frequency magnetic transformer. A high-frequency electronic transformer has a primary winding that connects directly to the 120VAC/230VAC. It uses high switching frequencies to provide the low voltage (12VAC) which is applied to the MR16 halogen lamp.
A low-frequency AC transformer is bulky, heavy, and occupies a lot of space. In comparison, an electronic transformer is small and compact, and is designed to power a resistive load with a typical power demand exceeding 20W. When an electronic transformer is powered by 120VAC/230VAC, most will not work if the resistive load on the output is set to draw less than 20W.
Conventional halogen MR16 lamps draw more than 20W of power from the AC source under normal operating conditions, so they operate well with electronic transformers. LED MR16 lamps, however, only need 7W of power to provide the same light output as a 35W MR16 halogen lamp.
Resistive Loads and Brightness
An MR16 halogen lamp acts as a nonlinear resistive load. When the lamp is cold, the resistance is low and it will draw high currents which support the operation of the electronic transformers. Once the lamp lights up, the filament gets hot and its resistance increases. A typical 35W halogen lamp will draw 35W of power at 120VAC/230VAC when it is powered by an electronic or magnetic transformer. Since the halogen lamp is a resistive load, the brightness will decrease if the line voltage drops from nominal; brightness will increase when the line voltage rises from nominal.
Brightness increases, brightness decreases—this is not the consistent operation demanded of most applications today. It is possible, however, to keep the brightness of an MR16 LED lamp constant when the line varies around nominal input voltage. But LED MR16 lamps are not resistive loads, which is what the electronic transformers require. Therefore, the loading behavior of the LED MR16 lamp needs to be adjusted so it can draw the power required to provide the desired light output and keep the electronic transformer operational.
Optimizing an LED Lamp for a Constant Current Load
The driver circuitry of the MR16 LED lamp can be adjusted so that it draws a constant current load from the output of the electronic transformer. No capacitance can be added to the electronic transformer's output, since this can prevent the MR16 LED lamp from acting as a constant current load. Moreover, the current drawn by the MR16 LED lamp needs to ramp up to the programmed current at a very fast rate. Specifically, it needs to jump to the programmed value within 3µs or 4µs. If it ramps up slower than this, then the electronic transformer may stop switching.
A new design for an HB LED driver will keep most electronic transformers operating smoothly with MR16 LED lamps. The current drawn by the MR16 lamp is adjusted with the RMS voltage applied to the lamp. When the voltage is low, the MR16 lamp draws a certain amount of current. To keep the input power constant, this current will reduce when the RMS input voltage is increased.
This HB LED driver integrates a 0.2Ω, 48V MOSFET suitable for most applications. It can be configured for LED string voltages from 6V to 40V. If the number of LEDs in a string is greater than 6, then the driver can be used in the boost configuration. For less than 6 LEDs, it should be used in a SEPIC configuration. In this article we only discuss the boost configuration. Figure 1 shows the schematic of the boost configuration.
Figure 1. Schematic of MAX16840 HB LED driver in a boost configuration for MR16 LED lamps. This configuration provides good compatibility with electronic transformers.
Making the LED MR16 Lamp Compatible with the Electronic Transformer
The MAX16840 uses average current-mode control to control the input current. The voltage on the current-sense resistor, R3, is controlled by the voltage on the REFI pin; the average voltage on the resistor R3 is regulated for each switching cycle by the voltage on the REFI pin. The switching frequency is set internally at 300kHz. The maximum voltage on R3 is clamped at 200mV, so the current cannot exceed 0.2/R3. The bridge rectifier provides the rectified input voltage on pin 3 of the diode bridge D2. This rectified voltage is now averaged by R7 and C7. The DC voltage on C7 is converted to a current by resistor R8. The current mirror circuit consisting of Q2, R10, and R19 will create a current sink on the REFI pin, where the current drawn by Q2B = VC7/R8. The voltage on the REFI pin will, therefore, be (50µA - VC7/R8) × R4, where 50µA is the internal current source present on the REFI pin. The values of R8 and R4 are adjusted so that the input power varies within ±5% for the input voltage which, in turn, varies within ±10% of nominal. This design keeps the input power almost constant for line-voltage variations of ±10%.
The boost inductor is set at 100µH to provide low-input current ripple for improved compatibility with electronic transformers. During every half-cycle of the rectified voltage that appears on pin 3 of the diode bridge, the input current will go to zero when the voltage from the electronic transformer is close to zero. For proper operation it is important that the current drawn by the MR16 lamp rise to the programmed value of current at the REFI pin in one of the electronic transformer's switching cycle. If the current drawn by the lamp is much lower than current desired to keep the electronic transformer operational, then the LED lamp will start flickering. With a 100µH inductor as used here the current will take some time to ramp up from zero. It is thus possible for some electronic transformers to stop switching and then restart, creating flicker.
To solve this problem, this circuit design has an additional load consisting of R18, D7, C14, Q4, D8, R17, R11, R13, and Q3. This circuit adds 5Ω to the electronic transformer, but only for approximately 80µs to 90µs per half-cycle of the rectified AC sine wave, which typically has a frequency of 100Hz/120Hz. The load is removed as soon as the current in the inductor has ramped up sufficiently high to keep the transformer operational. The power dissipated by this additional load is small.
There is another way to solve the problem: reduce the boost inductor to 10µH, operate at high switching frequencies, and remove the additional load. The high switching frequencies will cause higher switching losses, but would not need the additional load. Both the above mentioned methods are proprietary to Maxim Integrated.
The MAX16840 has an EXT pin for driving an external transistor when the voltages on the IN pin are less than 5V. The internal MOSFET will be in the off state. The EXT pin turns on Q5 and the 5Ω load is added to the output of the bridge rectifier. Once the voltage on the IN pin exceeds 5V, this load is turned off. This approach is useful when the electronic transformer is operated with trailing-edge dimmers. With some electronic transformer and dimmer combinations, the transformer does not switch properly when the dimmer is set at the minimum light output. This occurs when AC power is applied to the transformer with the dimmer set at minimum. The circuit of Q5, R20, and the EXT pin of the MAX16840 overcomes this problem by adding the 5Ω load to the electronic transformer. This load is removed as soon as the LEDs turn on and provide light because the IN pin is directly connected to the boost output voltage.
Demonstrating Compatibility with Electronic Transformers
Performance data are shown here for a 6W boost, MR16 LED lamp when powered by different electronic transformers. The boost MR16 was tested with 7 LEDs on the output. Tables 1 and 2 summarize performance with different transformers.
Table 1. Test Data for 230VAC/50Hz Electronic Transformers
| Transformer | Performance at 208VAC/254VAC | Average LED Current (mA) |
|---|---|---|
| Philips® Primaline 70 |  | 283 |
| Philips Primaline 105 | Flickers | — |
| Osram® Halotronic HTM 70 | | 296 |
| Osram Halotronic HTM 105 | | 300 |
| Osram Halotronic HTN75 | | 301 |
| Osram Halotronic HTM150 | Runs at half power | 181 |
| Osram ET-Parrot 105 | — | — |
| Osram ET-P 60 | | 283 |
| Philips Certaline 60W | | 298 |
| Philips ET-E 60 | Flickers above 240V | 303 |
| Philips Certaline 105W | | 269 |
| Philips ET-S 150 | | 272 |
| Philips Certaline 150W | Flickers; runs at half power | — |
| Varilight YT70 | | 310 |
| Varilight YT70L | | 311 |
| Varilight YT105L | | 310 |
| Varilight YT150 | | 312 |
| Varilight YT250 | | 312 |
| Nobile EN-60D | | 312 |
| Nobile EN-80D | | 311 |
| Nobile EN-35E | | 315 |
| Nobile EN-110D | | 300 |
| Nobile EN-150D | | 294 |
| CDN CS60 | | 309 |
| RIΩ 20-50W | | 312 |
| Aurora A2-D60 | | 274 |
| SEET TR50/12 Saphir 7700 | | 305 |
| Huizhou NVC® ET60E | | 306 |
| NVC ET50S | | 308 |
| Shreyesh 50WH | | 293 |
| Lumotech LT150Si | | 298 |
| Halloform® ET30-40/12 | | 298 |
| Conrad® 574223 | | 313 |
| Conrad 574222 | | 311 |
| OPPLE® DB602-220/12 | | 302 |
| TCL ET60H | | 311 |
| GE® SET60LS | | 274 |
| TF TF-1100 20W to 50W | | 310 |
| TF TF-1100 50-100W | | 296 |
Table 2. Test Data for 120VAC/60Hz Transformers
The dimming performance (Figures 2 through 11) was tested with an LET75 and a Lutron® SELV-303P dimmer.
Figure 2. Input current when powered by an LET75 without a dimmer at 120VAC.
Figure 3. Input current when powered by an LET75 at 120VAC without a dimmer. This waveform is taken with a 40µs time base and clearly shows the extra load added by the circuit comprised of Q3 and Q4. This load is removed after the first 80µs on every half-cycle of the AC waveform.
Figure 4. Input voltage waveform to the MR16 board when powered by an LET75 at 120VAC.
Figure 5. Input voltage waveform to the MR16 board powered by an LET75 at 120VAC.
Figure 6. LED current waveform when powered by an LET75 at 120VAC.
Figure 7. LED current waveform when powered by an LET75 with a trailing-edge dimmer at 120VAC. The dimmer is set at maximum light output.
Figure 8. LED current waveform when the dimmer is set close to the middle of the dimmer.
Figure 9. Input current waveform when the dimmer is set close to the middle of the dimmer.
Figure 10. LED current waveform when the dimmer is set at minimum light output.
Figure 11. Input current waveform when dimmer is set at minimum light output.
Conclusion
By using an HB LED driver optimized for MR16 and other 12VAC lamps, you can make MR16 LEDs compatible with electronic transformers. The LED driver demonstrated here was the MAX16840. One should note, however, that the performance of each, distinct electronic transformer and dimmer combination must be tested.
Testing shows that some trailing-edge dimmer and electronic transformer combinations work satisfactorily. Triac dimmers do not work properly with electronic transformers because they are not designed to work with capacitive loads. The EMI filter in the electronic transformer, combined with other capacitors at the input of the electronic transformer, creates ringing when operated with a dimmer. This ringing, in turn, causes flicker when the electronic transformer's output is connected to an LED lamp using the MAX16840 in the present configuration.
Allight is a registered trademark of Allight Pty Ltd Corporation.
Conrad is a registered trademark of Conrad Electronic SE Corporation Fed Rep Germany.
GE is a registered trademark and registered service mark of General Electric Company.
Halloform is a registered trademark of Lorentzen, Uwe-Jens, Fed Rep Germany.
Hera is a registered trademark of Hera GmbH & Co.
Lightech is a registered trademark of Lightech Electronic Industries Ltd.
Lutron is a registered trademark of Lutron Electronics Co., Inc.
Nora Lighting is a registered trademark of Nora Lighting, Inc.
NVC is a registered trademark of Huizhou NVC Industrial Development Co., Ltd.
OPPLE is a registered trademark of Guangdong Opple Lighting Co., Ltd.
OSRAM is a registered trademark of Osram GmbH.
Philips is a registered trademark of Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Ltd.
WAC is a registered trademark of Wangs Alliance Corp.
Original link:
https://www.maximintegrated.com/cn/app-notes/index.mvp/id/5372
| By: | Suresh Hariharan, Director and Product Definer |
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